Overview
KT1-The Origins of the Cold War
Early Tension between East and West
1.Ideological Differences- There were differences between both Russia and the USA.
What happened at the end of World War Two?
significance of the Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam conference
impact of atomic bomb
On the 6th August 1955, the USA exploded an atomic bomb over Japan. This was followed by the second bomb over Nagasaki.
The impact of the atom bomb on US Soviet relations
1. Stalin was determined to make the Soviet Union secure. His immediate aim was to make a buffer zone of countries that supported Communism.
2. Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949.
3. The bomb made Cold War tensions much worse. There was a threat of Nuclear War. But because both had the weapons they wanted to avoid nuclear war. This led to the arms race.
4. The atomic bomb damaged relations between the USA and the Soviet Union - see notes on Potsdam
1. Stalin was determined to make the Soviet Union secure. His immediate aim was to make a buffer zone of countries that supported Communism.
2. Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949.
3. The bomb made Cold War tensions much worse. There was a threat of Nuclear War. But because both had the weapons they wanted to avoid nuclear war. This led to the arms race.
4. The atomic bomb damaged relations between the USA and the Soviet Union - see notes on Potsdam
Rising Tension : the Long Telgram and the Nivikov telegram and Churchill's iron curtain speech.
in 1946 both Truman and Stalin feared that the Grand alliance might fall apart. This led to them asking their embassies to report in the attitudes in each country. This led to the Long telegram in February 1946 and the Novikov telegram in September 1946. The impact of the
Impact if Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech March 1946
Significance of the Iron Curtain speech
Remember that the Iron Curtain speech happened just after the Keenan Long Telegram. This was already a time of heightened tension between the Soviet Union and the USA. The Speech made it plain that the Soviet Union was a threat to freedom and peace in Europe. He said this because Communist governments had recently been set up in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary. See map in your exercise book.
The consequence was that Stalin saw the speech as a threat. Churchill was speaking in America. Therefore, the Americans must have the same idea and attitude towards the Soviet Union.
This along with the Novikov telegram created mistrust and led to the increase in spending by the Soviet Union on military supplies. This ultimately led to the testing of the atomic bomb by the Soviet Union in 1949. (ARMS RACE)
The consequence was that Stalin saw the speech as a threat. Churchill was speaking in America. Therefore, the Americans must have the same idea and attitude towards the Soviet Union.
This along with the Novikov telegram created mistrust and led to the increase in spending by the Soviet Union on military supplies. This ultimately led to the testing of the atomic bomb by the Soviet Union in 1949. (ARMS RACE)
The Creation of Soviet Satellite States in Eastern Europe
Causes
1. The dropping of the atomic bomb by the USA led to Stalin wanting to create a buffer zone of Communist countries.
2. He wanted to spread communism.
3. Stalin wanted to invade Poland for strategic reasons.
4. At the end of the war Stalin and Churchill had made a percentage deal towards the end of the war e.g. Romania 90 %, the others 10% influence.
1. The dropping of the atomic bomb by the USA led to Stalin wanting to create a buffer zone of Communist countries.
2. He wanted to spread communism.
3. Stalin wanted to invade Poland for strategic reasons.
4. At the end of the war Stalin and Churchill had made a percentage deal towards the end of the war e.g. Romania 90 %, the others 10% influence.
Where did the Soviets take over?
The impact of Stalin's take overs were
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
Date |
Event |
March 1947 |
Truman Doctrine |
June 1947 |
Marshall Aid Plan |
February 1948 |
Czechoslovakia becomes Communist |
June 1948 |
Berlin Blockade begins |
January 1949 |
Cominform |
April 1949 |
Nato |
September 1949 |
FDR West Germnay created |
October 1949 |
GDR created |
May 1955 |
Warsaw Pact |
The impact of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
The growing tension between the USSR and USA led to to the Truman doctrine. This was presented by President Truman. The speech established that they would give 'aid' to other countries to stop communism. The Marshall Plan gave the fine detail.
The formation of Cominform and Comecon
Cominform
This organisation made sure that any orders that were given by Stalin in Russia were followed in every other Eastern European country. Each Eastern European country would have a Cominform office and had to take direct orders from Russia. It was a way of sharing ‘inform’ation. |
Comecon
This organisation made sure that no Eastern European country took money/economic aid from the USA. Any trade had to happen between the communist countries only.The Communist Party took control over all industry in every country. No private industry allowed. |
The consequence:
It made the divide between the economy of capitalism and communism even greater. This then increased the tension between America and the Soviet Union even more.
Significance of Cominform and Comecon
The reasons for, the events of and consequences of the Berlin Blockade.
Why did it happen? What happened and what were the results? - Look at the attached sheet
Consequence of Berlin Blockade- the separation of East and West. The formation of two armed camps.
Significance of the Warsaw Pact
The Arms Race and it’s impact
Significance of the arms race
The Hungarian Uprising 1956
New leaders of USA AND USSR
Causes
The international reaction to the Soviet invasion of Hungary
KT2- Cold War Crisis
Berlin 1958-63: Increased tension and impact of Berlin Wall
The Berlin Crisis
Cause of the Berlin Ultimatum
1. 1949 Germany had been divided into East and West Germany
2. The Marshall aid plan meant West Germany was wealthier than the Communist East Germany.
3. A refugee crisis - 3 million East Germans decided to leave for the West.
4. Khrushchev could not let this happen and issued the Berlin Ultimatum as the number of people leaving made Communism look weak.
The Berlin Ultimatum
1. Khrushchev issued the following terms:
a) All Western troops must leave Berlin
b) Berlin would be a free city
c) The West had 6 months to leave
1. 1949 Germany had been divided into East and West Germany
2. The Marshall aid plan meant West Germany was wealthier than the Communist East Germany.
3. A refugee crisis - 3 million East Germans decided to leave for the West.
4. Khrushchev could not let this happen and issued the Berlin Ultimatum as the number of people leaving made Communism look weak.
The Berlin Ultimatum
1. Khrushchev issued the following terms:
a) All Western troops must leave Berlin
b) Berlin would be a free city
c) The West had 6 months to leave
The impact of the Berlin Ultimatum 1958
It had a major affect on the relations between East and West. The West saw it as another indication that the Soviet Union were trying to spread communism.
In order to remain at peace. Both sides decided on negotiations. There were 4 summits - each had no real solution. Remember to think how do the actions rise the temperature in the war.
In order to remain at peace. Both sides decided on negotiations. There were 4 summits - each had no real solution. Remember to think how do the actions rise the temperature in the war.
The Bay of Pigs incident
Significance of the Bay of Pigs
The Final summit as a result of the Berlin Ultimatum
The building of the Berlin Wall
On the 12th August 1961 - the Berlin Wall was established.
Impact of the Berlin Wall
An example of ideological tensions by 1961
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Consequence of the Cuban missile crisis including: Hotline, Limited Test Ban treaty, outer space treaty and Nuclear non proliferation treaty
Czechoslovakia/ Prague Spring
Significance of the Prague Spring
The Brezhnev doctrine
The international reaction
Consequences
There is a sheet in your exercise book with this on. Perhaps try and colour code this in to relations between communist countries, relations between USA and the Soviet Union, USA's internal reputation.
Relations/Impact |
|
Relations between the communists countries |
The Communists were split in to two rival forms. For example, the Communist governments of Yugoslavia and Romania condemned the uprising and moved away from the USSR. They formed a stronger alliance with China. Other countries felt safe as a result of the uprising such as East Germany and Poland who worried about non communist policies. |
Relations between the USA and Soviet Union |
The USA and other Western governments protested to the Soviet Union. Some countries criticised the invasion but no action was taken. No troops were sent so Brezhnev looked strong. He realised that the West would not get involved. Brehznev launched his doctrine. |
What happened to the USA international relationship |
The USA was fighting in Vietnam. It led to no involvement in the protests. The USA did criticise but nothing else. |
KT3- The end of the Cold War
Detente
Consequences of SALT 1
1. In 1972 after the treaty Brezhnev visited Nixon in the USA. This improved their relationship.
2. In 1974, they began new talks (SALT 2) to improve SALT 1.
Consequences of the Helsinki Accords
1. The accords showed some trust between the leaders and led to SALT 2.
2. The agreement led to Apollo Soyuz space mission of 1975.
3. The borders meant that the West accepted the borders of the Soviet states. This had not happened since World War Two and the discussions of the Grand Alliance.
1. In 1972 after the treaty Brezhnev visited Nixon in the USA. This improved their relationship.
2. In 1974, they began new talks (SALT 2) to improve SALT 1.
Consequences of the Helsinki Accords
1. The accords showed some trust between the leaders and led to SALT 2.
2. The agreement led to Apollo Soyuz space mission of 1975.
3. The borders meant that the West accepted the borders of the Soviet states. This had not happened since World War Two and the discussions of the Grand Alliance.
Narrative Question
flashpoint 1 : The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979
Causes
The USA reaction to the invasion of Afghanistan
The significance of the Carter doctrine
The consequence of the invasion of Afghanistan
The significance of the Afghanistan war
The Olympic boycott
- One of the consequences of the Afghanistan War was the boycott of the Olympic games in Russia
- Over 60 countries joined the USA in boycotting the Olympic games.
- The reason for the boycott was firstly Afghanistan and secondly to show how powerful it was.
Ronald Reagan and the Second Cold War
Why was there a Second Cold War?
Strategic Defence Initiative/Star Wars program explained.
The Collapse of the Soviet control in Eastern Europe 1985-91
Gorbachev's new thinking
Ronald Reagan had begun his time as President as being tough on Communism. However, this new thinking by Gorbachev led to a change in attitude and improved relations between the USA and the Soviet Union. This happened in a series of summits.
End of the Soviet hold on Eastern Europe
The significance of Reagan and Gorbachev new attitude
1. The end of the Cold War.
2. The end of the Warsaw Pact.
3. Gorbachev fell from power.
4. The end of the USSR and the Soviet's hold on Eastern Europe.
2. The end of the Warsaw Pact.
3. Gorbachev fell from power.
4. The end of the USSR and the Soviet's hold on Eastern Europe.
Significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall
Significance of the Berlin Wall
1. The ending of the Warsaw Pact -
2. Europe was reunited -
3. Gorbachev fell from power -
4. Satellite states regained their independence -
5. It led to the end of the Cold War -
6. On a personal level - it meant that the citizens of Berlin could be reunited with their relatives.
2. Europe was reunited -
3. Gorbachev fell from power -
4. Satellite states regained their independence -
5. It led to the end of the Cold War -
6. On a personal level - it meant that the citizens of Berlin could be reunited with their relatives.